"That melancholy but not unpleasant feeling when it's late autumn or winter and it's cold outside and the sky's kind of grey and you have a long bus ride to school" - iamthemorning (pretty much all of their albums, and yeah I know that's very specific, but it comes up surprisingly often even here in Florida)
"I'm feeling depressed about the state of the world and am dissatisfied with how my youth has been" - Lorde - Melodrama
"I'm feeling great and need something that SLAPS" - Justice (all three albums really), My Chemical Romance - The Black Parade, lots of EDM and pop albums (Taylor Swift is a good go to), Diablo Swing Orchestra, Snarky Puppy - We Like it Here, jazz in general
"Unrequited love kinda sucks" - Carly Rae Jepsen - E-MO-TION/Dedicated
"I'm in one of those 'seize the means of production' moods" - Muse (in general, really), My Chemical Romance - The Black Parade
"I'm feeling a little frustrated" - Meshuggah - Obzen/I/Koloss, Gojira - L'enfant sauvage/From Mars to Sirius/The Way of All Flesh, Dir en Grey - Dum Spiro Spero, Dream Theater - Train of Thought
"I'm feeling great, but don't really want to move my booty" - Dream Theater - SDoIT/ADToE/Octavarium, Haken - The Mountain/Affinity, Yes, Incubus, lots of classical pieces
"I feel like going on a journey (both musically or literally)" - Dream Theater - The Astonishing/SfAM, Ayreon, Beyond the Bridge - The Old Man & The Spirit, The Dear Hunter, lots of classical pieces
"I'm REALLY sad" - Rachmaninoff - The Piano Concertos (performed by Valentina Lisitsa), lots of other classical pieces
"I'm feeling contemplative/I just want to be alone with my thoughts" - Ne Obliviscaris - Urn/Portal of I, Tesseract - Altered State, iamthemorning, Juno Reactor - Labyrinth, Lorde - Melodrama, Dir En Grey - Dum Spiro Spero, Opeth - Blackwater Park, Pink Floyd, lots of classical pieces
"I feel like taking on the world" - Blind Guardian, Dream Theater, Haken, Taylor Swift, Muse, Epica, Nightwish, lots of classical pieces, soundtracks
There's probably wayyyy more than that. I get in certain "moods" sometimes that are hard to describe (words tend not to be very good at describing moods imo) and I tend to look for music that supports that mood. I find that music doesn't really impart a certain mood onto me so much as it supports the mood I'm currently in.